: The unified empire acted as a bridge between East and West, preserving ancient Greek and Persian knowledge while introducing innovations like paper and Indian numerals (now called Arabic numerals) to Europe. A New Global Order
: Historians often attribute this rapid success to the military exhaustion of the Byzantines and Persians after decades of mutual warfare, as well as the high degree of mobilization and ideological coherence within the early Muslim community. Cultural and Linguistic Transformation The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Isl...
In the mid-seventh century, a new power emerged from the Arabian Peninsula that permanently altered the course of human history. Based on the scholarly work The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In by historian Hugh Kennedy, these conquests represented an "astonishing remaking of the political and religious map of the world," occurring at a speed that eclipsed even the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Speed and Scale of Expansion : The unified empire acted as a bridge
: The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 CE) implemented a broad program of Arabization, making Arabic the official language of administration and creating a unified currency. Based on the scholarly work The Great Arab
: The conquests effectively dismantled the 1,000-year-old Sasanian Persian Empire and reduced the Byzantine Empire to a remnant state centered around Constantinople.